Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and application. Pelton wheel turbine parts and working mechanism assigned by mr. The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called penstock. Institute, kera conventional power engineering reference. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. Governing mechanism of pelton turbine pdf runner with bucket. Working speed of a turbine depends on the nature of the driven unit.
Let us look at turbines first and there are two types of turbines a. Different parts and their functions of pelton turbine are as follows. The injection mechanism of pelton turbine first transports the. Turbinegovernor models standard dynamic turbinegovernor systems in neplan power system analysis tool. It operates under v ery high heads upto 1800 m and requires comparatively lesser. Impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working. Hydraulic turbine turbine is hydraulic machine which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Pdf a peltonwheel impulse turbine is an energy conversion device that converts. Working principle of kaplan turbine kaplan turbine consist of the following parts a spiral or scroll air tight casing b guide mechanism. Pdf the pelton turbine is widely considered a mature technology, existing for more than a century. Performing organization names and addresses bureau of reclamation denver federal center po box 25007 denver co 802250007 8.
The water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for effective rotation the blades in a hydropower station. Parts, working, advantages, formulas, applications. The speed of any water turbine is represented by n rpm. In this article yo will learn about what is pelton turbine main parts. The kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and. Even if i assume that you have a mechanism by which instantaneously you can bring the. It was discovered in 188 0 by an american engineer lestera. Topic governing of francis water turbine prepared byshubham p.
Turbine a machine which produce continuous power by rotation. The pelton turbine has been description clearly in internal pressure distribution, dynamic characteristics 814. The pelton wheel is among the most efficient types of water turbines. Pelton hydro turbine high performing turbines for heads ranging from 200m to 1,800m based on vast field experience, ge offers vertical shaft machines equipped with multijet collectors for an output up to 350 mw and with runner diameters up to 4m. This types of turbines are located in between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit. The water stored at high head is made to flow through the penstock and reaches the nozzle of the pelton turbine. In a pelton turbine or pelton wheel water jets impact on the blades of the turbine making the wheel rotate, producing torque and power. Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to accelerate and it flows out as a high speed jet with high velocity and discharge at atmospheric pressure. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. These nozzles are arranged so the water jet will hit the buckets on one side at an angle of around 20. Maintenance and overhaul of steam turbines wgp42 05. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. A pelton wheel is an impulsetype water turbine invented by lester allan pelton in the 1870s. Pelton wheel turbine leston a pelton impulse turbine high head 4 5.
A water turbine uses the potential energy resulting from the difference in elevation between an upstream water reservoir and the turbineexit water level the tailrace to convert this socalled head into work. Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. The working operation of a turgo turbine is very similar to the pelton turbine. Yenhsiung kiang, in fuel property estimation and combustion process characterization, 2018. Pelton turbine or pelton wheel, an impulse turbine, is one of the wellknown type of water turbines. The force is depends on the time interval and velocity of jet strikes the blades. The fluid power is converted into kinetic energy in the nozzles. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the mechanism of erosion of a small scale pelton turbine, under actual flow conditions. Power recapitulates from both the hydrostatic head and kinetic energy of the following water.
This speed should also conforms to the power supply frequency. This turbine used to rotate the generator, which produces electric power. The major part of pressure drop occurs in the turbine itself, unlike the impulse turbine where. There have been numerous causes of steam turbine failures worldwide. Working principle of pelton turbines from the head race in the mountains water is conveyed to the turbines installed in the power house through the penstocks. Pdf numerical and experimental investigation of flow in. The pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed to waters dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel. The governing mechanism of kaplan turbine is quite complicated in construction and working. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. The pelton wheel or pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for. When used for generating electricity, there is usually a water reservoir located at some height above the pelton turbine. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the.
A working fluid contains potential energy pressure head and kinetic energy velocity head. So we will talk about pelton turbine which actually moves in air. Mechanical governors for hydroelectric units facilities, instructions, standards, and techniques 5. Hydraulic turbines are being used from very ancient times to harness the energy stored in flowing streams, rivers and lakes.
These turbines are generally used for sites with heads greater than 300 meters. Due to its simplicity the pelton turbines is the most widely used turbine in the world. The water turbines converts the energy possesed by the water to mechanical energy. The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets vanes of the runner. The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. Water is delivered by the nozzle at a high velocity on the buckets. From the penstock, the water is coming to enter into the casing.
A pelton turbine or pelton wheel is a type of turbine used frequently in hydroelectric plants. Mechanical engineering basic mechanism system trainer. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Conversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Kaplan turbine requires high value of specific speed because it is works on low head.
Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Therefore, the design and optimization have good prospects for research 15. In this article, we see about the impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working and difference. Low cost final year mechanical engineering projects for. In axial flow turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. By studying the mechanism of loss generation on the flow around the bucket, it.
Working principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications pdf. The turbine capable of working under the high potential head of water is the pelton wheel turbine which works on the head greater than 300 m. Explain parts and working principle of pelton turbine with neat sketch. Steam turbines are ideal wherever steam is available. Generally the range of specific speed varies from 600. It consists of spiral casing, guide mechanism and draft tube of kaplan turbine runner are similar to those of francis turbine. This type of turbine was created during the gold rush in 1880 by lester pelton. Introduction to francis turbine diagram, working principle the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. Reaction turbines have some primary features which differentiate them from impulse turbines. Water turbine is used to convert energy contained in water, potential energy or kinetic energy, into mechanical or electrical energy there are two types of water turbine, the reaction water turbine and the impulse water turbine.
In this turgo turbine, highspeed jets of water emerge from the nozzles that surround the turbine. Analytical modelling and mechanism of hydroabrasive. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic. When the jet of water strikes at the turbine blade with full of its speed, it generates a large force which used to rotate the turbine. Steam turbine is the widely use as a prime mover in power plants, refineries, petrochemical plants, food processing plants, power plants etc.
Improving the efficiencies of pelton wheel in micro hydro. Hydroabrasive erosion, a severe issue in hydraulic turbines, is caused by sediment laden flow leading to shutdowns and losses. A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. The high efficiency injector assemblies and needle valve injector assemblies are operated in cooperation to. Pelton turbine among different types of impulse turbines, pelton wheel is the only turbine being used at. Many earlier variations of impulse turbines existed, but they were less efficient than peltons design. In this study, a simplified analytical model is developed which describes the relationship of hydroabrasive erosion in pelton buckets with sediment properties, erosion velocity, turbine material property and duration of erosion. Learn more about design, analysis, working principle and applications of pelton wheel turbine. On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics. The runner consists of a circular disc with a suitable number of double semiellipsoidal cups known as buckets which are evenly spaced around its periphery.
Water turbines are the modern successors of simple waterwheels, which date back about 2,000 years. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy. Pelton turbine or wheel is an impulsive turbine used mainly for high head hydroelectric schemes. The lower end of the penstock is joined with a nozzle in the turbine casing. Study of silt erosion mechanism in pelton turbine buckets. Spear or needle valve it is the governing mechanism of pelton turbine used. Improving the efficiencies of pelton wheel in micro. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water is available.
If francis turbine is run below 50 percent head for a long period it will not only lose its efficiency but also the cavitation danger will become more serious 4. It operates under v ery high heads upto 1800 m and requires comparatively lesser quantity of water. So this mechanism acts as a speed governing mechanism of pelton wheel. The high efficiency injector assembly provides a generally unimpeded flow path for water from a distributor to a runner of the turbine. In order to understand pelton wheel you need to have knowledge about what are hydraulic turbines and also how they are classified. Pelton turbine among different types of impulse turbines, pelton wheel is the only turbine beingused at present. A pelton turbine figure 1 consists of a series of buckets or cups. A turbine has speed, known as specific speed and is represented by n specific speed of a water turbine in the speed at which a geometrically similar turbine would run if producing unit power 1 kw and working under a net head of 1 m. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine. Pelton turbine working, main parts, application with diagram.
Impulse turbine works on the basic principle of impulse. A pelton turbine is disclosed that includes at least one needle valve injector assembly and at least one high efficiency injector assembly. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam. The pelton wheel turbine is invented by lester allan pelton, an american engineer. Get the idea on all latest low cost final year mechanical engineering projects along with full guidance all final year engineering projects. In this turbine the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. Request pdf pelton turbines this book concerns the theoretical foundations of hydro mechanics of pelton turbines. The pelton wheel or pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for high heads of water. Both use a fluid of gous nature at high temperature at high pressure to generate power.
Pelton turbine parts, working and design aspects the constructor. So the working fluid changes the pressure as it moves across the turbine and gives energy. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet.
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